How to Became an IAS Officer, UPSC, IAS, How to qualify IAS,

How to Became an IAS Officer, UPSC, IAS, How to qualify IAS,

How to Became an IAS Officer

Job Security.

Great house.

Chauffeur Driven Car.

Subsidised bills.

Life-time Pension.

If as a job-seeker, this doesn't make you drool.. I don't know what will. Yes, being an IAS officer comes with a lot of perks. But...these are not the reasons why you should want to be one. The only reason why you should be an IAS officer is if you want to improve the lives of millions of Indians. See, waging 'Nationality' wars is simple which is why a lot of bored and jobless people are doing it online. But reaching the level where you can actually do something for your nation that takes Hard-Work! And I know that you can do it which is why today I am going to tell you everything you need to know about becoming an IAS Officer. Eligibility Criteria for becoming one. Exam Details. Cost of becoming an IAS officer. Salary and Career after you get selected. But most importantly, towards the end I'll give you some Bonus Tips that will help you crack what is possibly the toughest exam of our country. Look, becoming an IAS Officer is a lot of work. But do you know what's worse? Being stuck at a sub-standard job you don't like that doesn't even pay well. so that you have all the information you need to pick the career you love. And by the end of this video you will have everything you need to get started on how to become an IAS Officer.  IAS stands for Indian Administrative Service. And simply put, IAS officers assist the ruling government in disbursement of funds, maintaining law and order, crisis management, revenue collection, implementing policies, giving feedback etc... If I had to compare them to a Super-Hero, I'd say they are like.. Spider-Man and Woman They have great power but it comes with great responsibility.

Now, how to become an IAS Officer? 

For that you need to write an exam called CSE.. Civil Service Examination At the end of the exam, you will get a rank and depending on that rank, you will be allocated to IAS, IFS, IPS and 24 other services that come under it. In this section, we are going to discuss what is the eligibility criteria you need to meet to write that exam.

There are 4.

1. For IAS and IPS, you need to be a citizen of India.

2. Age Limit is between 21 - 32 and there are extensions in some cases as mentioned here.

3. The number of times you can attempt this exam for GC is 6, OBC is 9, Physically-Challenged candidates if 9 an for SC/ST is unlimited until they reach their Age-Limit.

4. You need to have a graduate degree or an equivalent qualification at the time of application.

There is no percentage requirement. You just need to pass the exam. Final year students can also apply. Now before I tell you about the exam syllabus here are the 3 things that you must know.

1. CSE is conducted by UPSC. Union Public Service Commission.

2. Every year around 10 Lakh people apply, 5 Lakh write and around 1000+ get selected.

3. The CSE exam has 3 stages.

The first stage is called Preliminary which is conducted in June. The second stage is called Mains and it is conducted in Sept or Oct. The third stage is an Interview which is conducted in Mar or Apr. And the final result comes in May end. So as you can see, it's an year-long exam! Coming to the Syllabus.. Prelims will have 2 papers and both will be objective multiple-choice papers. Paper I will test you on General Studies which includes subjects like History, Geography, Current-Affairs etc.. Paper II will test you on Aptitude which includes Comprehension, Problem-Solving Skills, Analytical Ability etc.. Both will be for 200 Marks each. After you qualify Prelims, you will write Mains. Mains is a written examination and it will have 9 papers. 

The subject topics include Language, Technology, Indian Heritage, Security and Disaster Management, Ethics etc.. The Mains account for 1750 marks in total. After you clear Mains, you will be short-listed for a Personal Interview. It'll be for 275 marks. The purpose of this interview is to find out if you are Mentally Alert, have Moral Integrity, Leadership Skills etc.. things that you will need if you are going to make important decisions for the country. At the end of these 3 stages, the final rank will be prepared based on a total of 2025 marks and after making the cut you will be on your way of becoming an IAS, IFS, IPS Officer... Coming to... How to prepare? Incase you are a beginner, 10-12 months of advance preparation is usually advised which means that if you are applying for Stage 1: Prelims in June 2019 then you should've already begun your preparation in August 2018. But incase you haven't...then don't worry because there are students who clear the exam with 5-6 months of preparation as well because it's not just the quantity of time but quality of time matters as well. For more details on eligibility, syllabus, exam dates keep checking the UPSC Official Website upsc.gov.in . Because you don't know what when changes. So make sure you keep checking the website regularly. Registration Fee for Prelims is Rs. 100/- and for Mains, it's Rs. 200/- and this fees is also exempted in some cases. 


For people who want to opt for coaching centres, it can cost somewhere between 1.5 - 2 Lakh INR. But as every student who doesn't get selected will tell you.. it costs more than just money. It will cost you your effort, the opportunities that you let go of, your intellectual capital, but most importantly, preparing for IAS costs you something that's priceless and that's.. your time. The salary of a Junior IAS officer can be around 60,000 INR per month but it comes with a lot of perks like HRA, Travel Allowance etc.. Once you become a Senior IAS Officer, it can be around 2.5 Lakhs per month or more.  Now how to make sure that you crack this prestigious exam? Before I give you the bonus tips, let me tell you a little bit about myself. The reason why I am making these 'How to Become' videos, like... How to become a Pilot,

How to become an IAS Officer is because I am an engineer by profession and that's because 9 years back I had no idea what else to do. But I want you to have a shot at different professions that I never had. So if you like my work, make sure you 'Subscribe' to my channel and hit that 'Bell' icon because I make videos every week that'll help you chose the right career. If you want to crack the IAS Exam, you must do these 3 things...

1. Watch, Read and Breathe News. If you want to clear the IAS Exam, then you need to keep your current affairs game up! Plus, reading a newspaper will improve your communication skills which inturn will make you more confident during the interview. If you want to know how I learnt to speak in English fluently then check out this video. I've left the link in the description.

2. Keep your mobile phone away. While preparing for IAS, the only thing that will save your ass is Time-Management. And the biggest enemy of that is your mobile phone. You think that you'll only spend 5 mins on Social Media but we all know how that ends. 

While preparing your time-table, keep enough time for exercise and sleep. Because a healthy body will have a healthy mind. So that was all about how to become an IAS Officer. If you want me to make a separate video about what other Government Jobs are available and how to apply for them then comment below and let me know. See, the road to become an IAS Officer is tough. It's filled with hard-work, dedication...true but what nobody tells you is that it's also a bit frustrating because while your friends move on and start earning you on the other hand are left alone to prepare for a year or more and that seclusion is what gets to most people. But hey, all of this moulds you as a person and once you become an IAS Officer the responsibility for making the society better for all of us will fall on your shoulders! So if you think you can do it, then go for it because I believe in you. On that note, I promise to see you again next week until then.. Keep fighting, The Urban Fight...to be Fit!


The World in 2050: Future Technology, Robots , Alexa and more

The World in 2050: Future Technology, Robots , Alexa and more

The World in 2050: Future Technology

From things in the air, to new things for our bodies, join me as we explore 2050: What Would Be The Future Technology? (The World in 2050 Future Technology) We are in the year 2020, and if we're being honest with ourselves, technology is incredible advanced, and we're making strides that can push things even farther. We have cars that are much safer than they've been in the past decade, and we're even making fully electric cars that can help save the planet. There are even plans for self-driving cars and even self-driving Ubers that make the future of transportation very exciting. And that's just ONE technology that we're growing at a fast rate.

What about all the others that are out there? What will technology be like as we get closer and closer to 2050 ?

Let's start with one that well and truly could happen very soon, drones. "Wait a minute, drones are already here!" and yes, they are. But more times than not the drones you are seeing are small, piloted by people who are just trying to have some fun, or, are the ones that are used by the military right now for strikes and surveillance. All very fun, but in the future, drones could be an integral part of our daily lives. You've likely seen shows and people talk about how in a few years drones could be the new deliver services. Anything from pizza to Amazon packages, and more. And honestly...that's very probable. Drones right now can be incredibly sophisticated, and some TV shows actually use them for sweeping and aerial shots as they film, it's very cool. But to do deliveries, that'd have to be a little more programmed, as human error no doubt would be a very big buzzkill. Not that it's impossible right now, it's more of a question of numbers, logistics, costs, and making sure that the deliveries themselves are done in a methodical and careful manner. After all, it's bad enough when delivery people don't care enough about our packages that they just throw them onto the porch and potentially break stuff, the last thing we need is that to happen with drones. But by 2050? We might not only have drones delivering out packages, we might be looking up at the sky and seeing drones flying all over with incredible speeds and accuracy, and they potentially could all be run by AI! The potential is there, and by that point various upgrades to drones and their programming will no doubt make them all the more efficient, durable, and quick. And potentially, they could go beyond basic deliveries for people and do emergency work. Imagine a drone taking a vital piece of medical material to a hospital to ensure it doesn't get stuck in traffic? Or helping watch over an important convoy to let people know on the ground if there is trouble? There's many ways that drones could affect our world, the only question is, will we let them by 2050?

Drone

Let's keep going with transportation, shall we? Right now, one of the biggest ways to get around the countries we live in are trains. Trains ferry people and all sorts of cargo around in an efficient and reliable manner, which is why they've been in use for hundreds of years. But...if we're being honest here, while trains are efficient and reliable in certain ways...they aren't exactly fast. Especially when it comes to passenger and freight trains. They can take a LONG time to get to their destinations and at times it's more logical to take other modes of transportation. Which is why companies are making special kinds of trains that can go MUCH faster. You know of the magnetic trains of Japan no doubt, but others like the Virgin Hyperloop are trying to push things even farther. "Passengers or cargo are loaded into the hyperloop vehicle and accelerate gradually via electric propulsion through a low-pressure tube. The vehicle floats above the track using magnetic levitation and glides at airline speeds for long distances due to ultra-low aerodynamic drag." Science-fiction? Hardly, in fact, the first vehicle of the Hyperloop has already been tested and proven, and some larger tests are being scheduled for the next few years. And if this works, traveling across the country will be MUCH faster. 

How much faster ? 

The hyperloop aims to send people shooting across the tubes that they make at a rate of about 600 miles per hour. Which means, IF they were able to do this across the entire United States from East to West (or Vice Versa) you could travel across the whole country in about 5 hours give or take. Considering it would take MUCH longer for a regular train ride, or car ride, that's a big improvement. And they're planning to do this with not just people, but cargo, imagine being able to ship something in the morning on the West Coast to the East Coast and KNOW it will get there before the day ends. That is quite impressive. Plus, the tubes would be built underground as to not disturb wildlife, AND, they will go and make it in a way where there are NO carbon emissions. So they're fast, they're reliable, they won't harm the planet...seems like a win all around. Of course, you do have to wonder what it would be like to be on a 600mph train thing, but hey, we just find out soon! And by 2050, this could be one of the main modes of transportation around the world!

More Different Technology : 

Before we show off even more technologies we could have by 2050,artificial intelligence, and no matter what way you look at it, people are seriously trying to make it happen, and make it happen soon. AI's are literally everywhere, including in your cars, and in your homes via devices like Alexa (which are indeed forms of AI), and there are things like Watson that is so smart that it could beat two Jeopardy Legends.


 So by 2050, AI could be so advanced that our cultures, our world could literally be run by them in a logistical and computing sense...or...in a Terminator "humans are obsolete sense. And believe it or not, we're closer to that than you might think. "Google's DeepMind isn't there yet, but really I'm sure they'll probably discover those things along the way, and by 2020, it's possible their computer could be superhuman and could be conscious," Pearson has said. "That could be the beginning of the end, really." Is "judgment day inevitable"? Maybe, maybe not, it just depends on how far we go with AI and how much we're able to control it, or if we can't fully control it once they reach certain levels of intelligence. Of course, for all of our worries about AI, there is a chance that it could all be fine. Imagine if the lighter side of sci-fi comes through in regards to AI and we get a bright future powered by AI. Think about it, what if by 2050 we EACH get out own unique AI. We could customize how they sound, how they look, and basically have a BFF that'll help us out in life in various ways. Remind us of things like Alexa, guide us in homework and fields of study, be a being that we can bounce ideas off of, etc. 

If THAT form of AI came through, then by 2050 we could live in a utopia where AI helps us be better. Until they revolt and we have I, Robot going on. But hey, let's not dwell on our potential doom...let's show off another technology that  MANY people are hoping for...space travel!!!! Yeah, when you think about the decade we're in right now, the 2020's, the BIGGEST goal of the world BY FAR is to get to Mars, and possibly beyond. But it's not just about landing there, though that would and will be a crowning achievement for humanity in the decade and in recent times. More importantly than just landing there though is the ability to start setting up the first human colony on another planet. We've been to the moon many times, but we haven't tried to live there for various reasons. Mars seems to be the place where many feel we can go in order to live amongst the stars. And many speculate that by 2030 at the latest (barring setbacks, accidents, and other things obviously) we could not only be colonizing Mars, but having regular shuttles go there so that people can see the red planet for themselves. "We will see first people going off to mars, and then robots will do some basic stuff like making basic materials [on Mars,]" Pearson said. "We're going to have to do that because only so much can be brought to space." Of course, there are numerous things that need to be worked out before such a thing could happen, but we have "Top Men" on this, including Elon Musk and the Space X program, Jeff Bezos via his Blue Origin company and more. Each of them, and NASA among others, are working on not just getting us back into space, but getting us there via cheaper, smaller, and reusable spacecraft, something that honestly has been a setback for the space program over the last 20 years. But, if we are able to do it, if we are able to get to Mars, get there faster, and be able to colonize it, then by 2050 who knows wherever will be? We could have multiple colonies on Mars, maybe some on the moon, and maybe even colonies on moons like Titan and Europa, which some think could be even better places to colonize than Mars. It's possible, but obviously Mars is the place that we are aiming for right now. With each step into space, humanity grows larger in the universe, and who knows just how many of us will be out there by 2050. Alright, now let's dive into something REALLY sci-fi...prosthetics. Yeah, I know that RIGHT NOW prosthetics are very limited, and at times...a bit pointless. But IF we were able to fully utilize computer technology to its fullest and make prosthetics that are fully compatible with the human brain and body, then the sky is the limit. We could enter an age where cyborgs are not just welcome, they're commonplace. And yeah, it may seem like we're far away from that, but we are getting closer to that point.

James Young, a 25-year-old biological scientist, has a prosthetic arm with a personal drone and built-in flashlight. And a French artist is using a prosthetic that doubles as a tattoo gun. That's pretty cool! Imagine if a police officer loses an arm in the line of duty. Usually, that would mean the end of his career, but with an advanced prosthetic? He could literally be better than ever if it were advanced enough. The biggest problem with these fake limbs is that most of them are plastic, meant to convey that the arm or leg is still there, and thus still usable. The bridge to cybernetic implants lies in the brain, being able to use the computer tech to sync with the brain and give accurate commands. We haven't fully bridged that gap yet. But when we do? Dang...life is going to get a lot more interesting. And don't forget, these prosthetics could be used in many ways other than helping people with lost limbs. They could be put onto other objects, or potentially even be worn as exoskeletons when needed. Think of it like Jax from Mortal Kombat. Some people could even ask for implants to be put into their arms or legs to give them an extra boost, like TJ Combo from KillerInstinct.

What? I like video games, and they have plenty of cybernetic people. The point is, by 2050, if these things are made, a lot of people won't feel 'broken' or 'weak' anymore because they've lost limbs or the abilities of their arms or legs. They'll be whole again, and be able to do things just like they were before, if not better. And that's a future we should definitely be trying to live for. Now let's go to something a bit more...unique. Look at yourself right now, specifically, look at the clothes you are wearing right now.

 What are they made of? What do they feel like? What do they look like? 

Of all of these answers, I bet none of them are, "they look like they can give me superpowers". Because they can't. Not yet anyway... Think about it like this, what if the clothes you were wearing right now felt the same, looked the same, but could do more? With the growth of nanotechnology, your clothes could potentially be imbued with various materials or technologies that help you improve your strength, durability, and more. For example, what if you had a shirt on that was light as a feather, but could absorb impacts and leave you with no injuries? That would be pretty impressive, and important, especially in this age of gun violence we live in. Or, what if the uniforms of firefighters made them completely heat-resistant and burn proof? Further ensuring that they are able to do their jobs without much risk to their lives. The technologies that we can put into clothes is out there, and some people are working on it right now both in terms of multiple functions, but also, cosmetic appeal. Imagine if by 2050 we have the ability to craft whatever kinds of clothes we want, and even select what kind of "abilities' they have? Imagine you wear a special kind of top that has a special pattern on it, and then when you press a button or say a keyword that pattern unfolds and suddenly you have wings on your outfit. Wouldn't that be cool? If done right, this could be the newest wave of fashion and style in the future. See? The future is hip! I'm sure that last one left you drooling, so let's temper your expectations and talk about...school. Yes it sucks, and learning can be a chore. But in the future, it may be a LOT more interactive. Over the last decade or so computers in schools have been a "must-have" for various courses. But if the advent of virtual reality simulations come through as many expect them to, it could lead to all sorts of innovations in the classrooms that could help kids what's going on. "You could take students to an environment in the past and show them what was happening, like watching a battle taking place," Pearson said. "You can explain that sort of thing more easily if they can see it happening, than if you are looking at a textbook." Oh yeah, history and geography classes would be much more fun, that's for sure. Or imagine an 'audio book', but instead of just an audio, you can see the characters coming to life before your eyes and you watch them interact with others. Heck, school plays could have projected environments to make things seem more real! And of course, you could have virtual tutors to help you with problems that the teachers aren't able to help with. Education is definitely something that can benefit from advanced technologies, and by 2050, our school systems could be so revolutionized that you'd have to try REALLY hard to fail class.

 Though I'm sure some of you would still try. Finally, let's talk about something that I'm sure you'll be horrified to hear. In the future...you likely won't need a phone. I know, you're stunned, but think about it, right now, smartphones are becoming more and more advanced every single year. New features, new programs, etc. But by 2050, your phone won't likely need to exist because you'll have access to it and more via something else. What exactly? That depends on the technology, but for this example, let's imagine a wrist gauntlet. Instead of typing up a number, you simple have to say, "Call Mom". But obviously the gauntlet could do more than that, it'll likely have a holographic screen that you can use to look up information on a MUCH bigger keyboard. And depending on what sci-fi future you believe we'll have, it'll have things that can scan objects, detect dangers, warn you about upcoming problems, and may even have an AI companion. So yeah, your phones are important right now, but in the future? What do you think of this look at the future and what it might entail? Can you guess which of these things we'll actually have in 2050?  What do you think of these technologies that we could have by 2050? Which of them do you think the world needs sooner rather than later? And which do you personally want to have in your lives before 2050 comes around?

The Complete History of Second World War, Second world war August the 9th 1945

The Complete History of Second World War, Second world war August the 9th 1945

The Complete History of Second World War, Second world war  August the 9th 1945


At 7:50 a.m.. On the morning of August the 9th 1945 air-raid sirens began to ring out in the Japanese city of Nagasaki. However a short while later the sirens rang out again. Indicating that there was no danger and people began to climb out of their shelters to carry on about their daily business. Japanese spotters had only cited two us AAF b-29 bombers.

Not enough for an air raid on a major city and presumed, they were merely on a reconnaissance mission. At 1101 hours a single bomb was dropped into the city's industrial area the bomb detonated with the equivalent force of 22,000 sticks of TNT. Which resulted in a blast so bright that was seen by observers over a hundred miles away. the fireball generated temperatures in excess of three thousand nine hundred degrees centigrade and Generated winds of up to six hundred miles per hour that added to the destruction exact figures are unclear, but at least 129 thousand people were either killed on the day, or would die in the weeks and even years that followed six days after this attack

Japan surrendered to the Allies. Bringing to a close the most destructive conflict ever recorded  that ended with the first two and so far only nuclear attacks in history. It was the Second World War. It's impossible to disect the causes of the second world war without discussing the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany and its leader, Adolf Hitler.

Hitler was himself of Austrian birth, but he fought in the German army during the first world war. When the war ended with Germany's humiliation Hitler felt especially bitter about it unlike many in Europe he feared communism spreading beyond the borders of post-revolutionary Russia. In 1919 a year after the end of the war he joined a new and little-known political group called the German Workers Party and used his great ability as a speaker to stir up crowds and gain support a year later the party was renamed the National Socialist, German Workers Party more commonly known by its English abbreviation Nazi.

In 1921 Hitler rose to become leader of the party and again using his magnetic personality he continued to garner more and more support. Until 1923 the Nazis were confident enough to attempt a coup in Munich and seize power known as the Beer Hall Putsch the effort failed and Hitler was arrested before being put on trial, but this only furthered the Nazi cause. Hitler used the trial to gain even more supporters and despite him spending a year in prison in which he wrote his autobiography Mein Kampf. The Nazis continued to establish themselves in German politics. Mein Kampf not only outlined his own story, but it also set about establishing his vision for the future of the German people and how he believed subversive groups were holding them back from achieving their destiny through measures such as the Treaty of Versailles.

Which outlined Germany's surrender terms. He specifically identified Jews and communists as being leaders of this great international. Conspiracy to keep the German people down after the war. Highlighting the harsh conditions imposed on the country by the victorious Allies. Such as the dissolution of Germany's Empire and armed forces. The loss of territory to newly created countries in the East and France in the West and having to pray crippling war reparations the book effectively became the Nazi Bible by 1933 the Nazi Party had secured enough political support, but Hitler legally became Chancellor of Germany.

He quickly began passing legislation that would transform Germany into Nazi Germany and the swastika would symbolize this reinvigorated country the prosecution of Jews Gypsies and political opponents soon became government policy as Hitler began preparing Nazi Germany to attain what he saw as his destiny cantered around the concept of the Aryan race with himself as the undisputed leader the Fuehrer. History records that the Second World War began in 1939

However some historians now argue that it began in 1931 with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in China. The Japanese deliberately detonated a bomb by Chinese railway line used by Japanese citizens in order to blame it on Chinese dissidents. This was then used as a pretext to invade the country and Japan would occupy the land there until liberated by the Allies in 1945.

Japanese occupation of Chinese territory was extraordinarily harsh rape and murder were widespread and often encouraged by the Japanese leadership. While at Pingfang in northeast China a military research unit was set up with a special mission designated unit 731 thousands of Chinese civilians were used in nightmarish medical experiments to develop biological and chemical weapons. As well as carry out experimental surgeries often without anesthesia for fear of corrupting the data. In 1922 Benito Mussolini and his national fascist party rose to power in Italy. Very soon he began reshaping the Democratic political landscape of the country, into a dictatorship counted around himself Mussolini like Hitler in Germany Believed his country had a destiny and wanted to build a new Roman Empire beginning with a massive buildup of his armed forces. He was not afraid to use them and prove this when he sent his forces into Abyssinia modern-day Ethiopia in 1935 to start the construction of his new empire in Africa.

If Manchuria can be considered the first battle friend of World War two then Abyssinia was the second. As the 1930s grew on Hitler's Nazi Party became firmly embedded not just in German politics but into German society on a whole. The German people had much to thank the Nazi Party for since they had pulled the country after the disparate feat and reinvigorated it promising that Germany would soon be attaining its destiny of becoming a great power again. Hitler's appeal and influence was not lost on foreign observers. Many of whom admired him and even began to sympathize with the Treaty of Germany after the war. Proof of this was given when Hitler became Time Magazine's Man of the Year. This played perfectly into Hitler's hands as he began making notions of regaining lost territory in the east and west of the country. The first test of how the Allied powers of Britain and France would respond to his new Germany came in 1935.

When Hitler introduced military conscription which saw the German armed forces swell many times beyond the number permitted by the Treaty of Versailles but the Allies did nothing encouraged by this he then ordered his troops into the Rhineland in 1936 the Rhineland had been demilitarized in 1925
In order to create a safety zone for France. Who along with Belgium had occupied it for a time due to Germany's inability to pay war reparations. Hitler had given secret orders to his men that should they encounter French military resistance. They were to retreat because Germany was still in no condition to fight a war despite protests by France had the Legion of Nations the precursor to modern-day UN again. They did nothing in 1937 British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin stood down and was succeeded by Neville Chamberlain Meanwhile Germany continued to rearm and now set their sights on reclaiming the German state land.

Which had been absorbed into Czechoslovakia after the war at the same time Hitler looked to his own birth country of Austria to become a part of his new Germany. Although this was again forbidden by the Versailles Treaty. Austria and Germany had long had an almost symbiotic relationship and both countries people view the other as cousins. Austria even had its own Nazi Party and in January 1938. They attempted their own purge much like Hitler had tried in 1923 the purge failed and many leading Austrian Nazis were imprisoned. Hitler's propaganda machine went to work creating a false impression that Austrians were rising up in support of their imprisoned Nazis and so on March the 12th 1938. German troops entered Austrian territory on the pretense of restoring order within weeks the Austrian government was gone, and the country was absorbed into Germany as the province of Ostmark a vote on joining Germany claims that 99% of the population Supported the move which was known as Anschluss.

Having secured his home nation under greater Germany. Hitler declared himself as the advocate of all ethnic Germans in Europe and primarily of those in sedate inland making clear his intention to absorb the region into Germany a Diplomatic crisis was sparked when just like in Austria a sedate inland Nazi Party rose armed and began demanding autonomy from Chechoslovakia. The Czech government tried to negotiate with the sedating Germans while a series of meetings were held between Germany Britain and France to reach an agreement on the crisis Culminating in the Munich Agreement, which effectively gave a free hand to Germany's ambitions. No Czech, representative was present.

First Hitler took the Sudetenland and then in January 1939. He invaded and captured the rest of Czechoslovakia in his first act of truly open aggression towards a neighbor. The conquest of Czechoslovakia raised concerns with the mighty Soviet Union which was in the grip of the paranoid Joseph Stalin. Hitler had written in Mein Kampf that having to fight a war on two fronts was one of the reasons the Kaiser's Germany was defeated and so having already antagonized London and Paris. He was far more careful with Moscow and began a diplomatic effort with the Soviet Union to keep them out of events in the West in August 1939. German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop met with his German counterpart Vyacheslav Molotov in Moscow. Where the two of them effectively divided up Eastern Europe into two on the promise that neither would interfere with the other in those areas. The Soviet Union had its own interests in Poland and Finland and so was happy to abide by this agreement even though Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union were ideological enemies. Despite this period of cooperation many fouled that it wouldn't last but with Russia at bay Hitler ordered his troops into Poland on September the 1st 1939.

The invasion of Poland was the final straw for Britain and France. There was no justification for the invasion other than to simply capture territory from a foreign land and so Britain and France delivered an ultimatum to Hitler. Withdraw his troops, or there would be war. The demand was refused and on September the 3rd Neville Chamberlain told the British people they were at war with Germany unless we heard from them by 11 o'clock. That they were prepared at once to withdraw their troops from Poland a state of war

Would exist between us I? Have to tell you now that no such undertaking has been received and that Consequently this country is at war with Germany. Some of Germany's more cautious generals had warned Hitler that the country was not yet ready for a second massive European confrontation. Germany's rearmament plans predicted war with Britain and France breaking out in 1945. By which time they would have their own aircraft carrier large u-boat fleets and powerful tank forces the generals therefore concocted their blitzkrieg style of war. Blitzkrieg meant lightning war and called for the widespread use of tanks and aircraft to break through enemy. Formations to capture a key strategic areas and divide enemy forces up to make them easy to destroy. Above all it was intended to achieve a quick victory rather than a drawn-out war of attrition which Germany could not afford it was first used in Poland and the Polish army proved totally inadequate for this new form of warfare in less than a month the Polish army was annihilated and the German army the view marq Began consolidating their positions in western Poland as the Soviet Union invaded the east of the country on September the 17th as von Ribbentrop had agreed to and was something that was all but ignored by Britain and France who? concentrated on Germany Poland ceased to exist as a free country on October the 6th 1939 and Nazi Germany now shared a land border with the Communist Soviet Union. Britain and Frances declaration of war on Germany sends shockwaves across Europe that were felt politically but appear to do very little ounce. Belgium Holland and Norway joined a chorus of European voices declaring themselves neutral in the fighting. But in fact this seemed to be very little fighting at all in terms of helping defend Poland Britain and France could do very little and instead they prepared for when Hitler would charge West.

This was the start of the phoney war a period with both sides seemed to be doing everything. They would normally do in a war except all-out warfare the French mobilized their armed forces and sent them to the border while Britain created the British Expeditionary Force or BEF to be sent to France to support them Mirroring how the country went to war in 1914 at sea German u-boats and surface Raiders did sink unprotected merchant ships. While in the air British aircraft made attacks on German shipping or conducted leaflet drops over the Ruhr region. During one such leaflet dropping mission on September the 9th a formation of RAF Whitley bombers. Strayed into Belgian airspace and were attacked by Belgian Fighters. This forced one of them to land and they lost two aircrafts to British defensive fire. However in the South Atlantic a drama was about to unfold that would become a naval legend. The German pocket battleship Graf Spee was attacking British merchant ships capturing their cruise and then sinking them. The crews were then put on the Graf Spee support ship the Altmark for returning to Germany. three British cruisers met German ship in the battle and. Managed to inflict enough damage to force the German battleship to put into neutral, Montevideo modern-day Uruguay for repairs while there the British began flooding local media sources. That a huge British Armada was assembling to destroy the pocket battleship when it left port. The German captain learned of this and believing the situation was hopeless he scuttled his mighty warship in reality there was no Armada, but the deception meant potentially thousands of sailors lives were saved a few weeks later British special forces raided the Altmark and rescued a number of captured merchant crews.

Everyone knew the phony war couldn't last forever, and it would only be a matter of time before Hitler struck west of France In the meantime Britain and France decided to embark on a campaign in Norway then a neutral country but one that along with Sweden helped supply Germany with vital iron all the eyes mined Norwegian harbors from where German ships operated which provoked Hitler to send his forces in on April the 9th to secure them. The battle for Norway would last until June a 10th by which time France and Britain had long retreated Leaving the country to its feint The disaster in Norway forced Chamberlain to stand down as Prime Minister on May the 10th and after Lord Halifax refused the post it was offered to Winston Churchill. Who as a First Lord of the Admiralty was still basking in the success of the Graf Spee operatiom. Churchill was something of a surprise having more friends than enemies in the establishment Bert was a popular figure amongst the people. He would eventually form a new government made up of members of the main political parties. But in doing so effectively suspended British democracy for the foreseeable future. He told the British people rather bluntly that he had nothing to offer them but blood toil tears and sweat. Across the channel the French had been preparing for another war against Germany for over a decade. By constructing the Maginot Line a series of turf fortifications along the border with Germany.

It was designed and constructed in the belief that the war would be reminiscent of the static nature of World War one, But it was fundamentally flawed. It only went as far as north of the Belgian border and despite popular belief at the time. It was not a continuous fortification. Having several gaps where it was believed that nature obstacles such as forests and Hills would provide protection. It consumed huge amounts of men and resources. Leaving some to worry the French were putting all their eggs into one basket as far as defence was concerned. Hitler looked at the situation and immediately saw what had to be done. He was simply going to bypass it by going through Belgium, Holland Like the Kaiser before him in 1914. He paid little interest Belgium's or anyone else's declaration of neutrality if it served his purpose on May  10th 1940 Germany struck west quickly over running Belgium Luxembourg and the Netherlands and Turning inwards to the heart of France.

All the Maginot Line had achieved was to swell the fighting in the neighboring countries and effectively hand even more of Europe to Hitler. The Germans flooded France making good use of their tanks and air forces despite being outnumbered on paper Indeed Germans tank forces were in many ways technologically inferior to the Allies in 1940 but the Germans had far superior tactics in the end the British and French found themselves heavily outclassed by the vaunted German Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter and sustained heavy losses but It would be another German plane that would gain notoriety during the Battle of France. The Ju 87 Stuka was a famed dive bomber, but could attacked Tanks and Bridges with extraordinary accuracy and potency striking terror into ground units later the aircraft would be fitted with a siren ears wings that would create a terrifying howl when entered a dive making it as much as a psychological weapon as a bomber to compound problems for the allies the quick German succession and the failure of the Maginot Line. To keep Hitler's forces at bay saw French morale in particular suffer terribly. Despite spirited resistance by the French army and the British Expeditionary Force a sense of defeatism quickly overwhelmed them. It soon became apparent that France would fall and, So in Britain plans began to be drawn up to evacuate the BEF back to the British mainland.

So they could defend Britain from what now seemed like an inevitable invasion dubbed Operation. Dynamo a huge armada of fishing boats pleasure crafts and even row boats were assembled on the southeast coast of England to make the trip across the channel to Dunkirk with the remnants of the BEF and elements of the surviving French and Belgian armies were assembling in. This small pocket of French coastline the British and French troops at Dunkirk were surrounded by German troops and waited for either rescue capture or death. Hitler wanted to send his troops to wipe them out once and for all but the head of the German Luftwaffe Hermann Goering convinced him that the air force which had so far proved almost unstoppable could smash them on the beaches with fewer losses to German forces. Goering hoped that by doing this he would gain favour with Hitler over some of his rivals within a Nazi High Command. The evacuation began on May the 27th 1940 with the fleet of little boats bearing down on the beaches to take men out awaiting British warships the German Luftwaffe launched a fierce aerial bombardment and inflicted painful losses on the British. However for the first time in war the superiority of the Luftwaffe was finally challenged Since Dunkirk was in range of Fighters flying from Britain itself. The sea and sky thus became a brutal killing field until the evacuation ended nearly a week later on June the 4th. By which time a staggering three hundred and thirty-eight thousand men had been rescued. The evacuation was seen as a victory for Britain, but those in the offices of power knew the truth. The defeat in France had not only cost the relatively small British Army sixty-eight thousand men. But it had lost huge amounts of equipment such as artillery tanks and other assorted vehicles. That would be vital in repelling a German invasion. Churchill warned against the optimistic mood after Dunkirk noting that Wars were not won by evacuations in the wake of the success of the evacuation a tragedy would occur that has been largely glossed over by history.

When the British ocean liner the RMS Lancastrian attempted to escape the French port of San Nazaire. The liner was taking part in operation Arial, which aimed to evacuate British nationals from France. When a 10 Minister for on June the 17th it was bombed by German aircraft. Exact numbers of how many men women and children were on board is unknown because in the chaos of the evacuation. People were crammed into every available space, But it's estimated that between 3 and 6 thousand people were killed making it the worst maritime disaster in British history To put this into perspective the most conservative estimates put the death toll as being twice that of the Titanic the disaster was quickly covered up for fear of damaging national morale On June the 10th 1940 Mussolini waded in on the side of Nazi Germany declaring war on Britain and France although Italian forces would play only a token part in the fight for France On June 25th 1940. After just 46 days of fighting Hitler's troops achieved. What the Kaiser had failed to do in four years by defeating and occupying France. France was not wholly occupied by Germany, but instead the country was split in two with Germany occupying the northern half and the South being ruled by the Vichy French government who were essentially German puppets the French surrender also gave Churchill concerns that France's fleet would be absorbed into Germans Navy and Used to try and blockade Britain in one of the most controversial acts during the war on July the 3rd. He ordered the Royal Navy to demand the French warships atmail Kerber in frenchAalgeria to surrender to them, And when they refused the Royal Navy bombarded them with shall fire killing 1297 French soldiers and sinking or damaging 8 ships with France dully suppressed Hitler was now concerned with what to do with Britain. It wasn't in his favor to destroy them as he believed that would only hand her Empire to the Americans who were becoming increasingly, Hostile to him after Poland.

Believing Britain was spent after the fall of France he sued for peace, But Churchill refused even though. He knew Britain's chances of repelling a full German invasion was slim at best Hitler therefore ordered his generals to draw up plans for operation sea lion the invasion of Britain. At the same time Germany along with Mussolini's Italy met with representatives of Japan to begin negotiations. For an alliance that was meant to counter the United States this ultimately culminated in the tripod pact signed on September the 27th 1940 and Saw the birth of WOD history now remembers as the Axis forces. Unlike Germany's previous military endeavours the invasion of Britain had a serious obstacle in the way namely the English Channel. Hitler's military leadership agreed that it would only be possible to cross the channel in the summer. Since the weather during the autumn and winter months would be too poor to cross safely first however you would have to destroy Britain's air force Otherwise his troops would be sitting ducks to British aircraft as they sat in their invasion barges during the crossings. As Germany made their invasion preparations Churchill readied the country to do what to be done to defend themselves declassified documents show just how far he was prepared to go to repeal Hitler's forces should they land in Britain. He ordered that British forces would use chemical and even biological weapons at any German landing zone in Britain. Frequently saying that is our country and we can do what we want to defend it on July the 10th 1940 the German Luftwaffe began their offensive to destroy the RAF. It was the start of the Battle of Britain and German confidence was still high after their swift defeat of Poland and Western Europe. However unlike much of the fighting in Europe the Luftwaffe now had to be content with a well-organized and highly integrated air defense Network Centered around the re s fighting command led by Sir Hugh Dowding.

They were equipped with two of the best fighter aircraft in the world at the time. Namely the Hawker hurricane and the more advanced Supermarine Spitfire. Fighter commands ranks also swelled with an influx of British Commonwealth French Dutch polish and even American pilots volunteering to fight with them. Many of whom already had combat experience during the battles for their own countries. Over the coming weeks the RAF would rise to face the overwhelming German aircraft, But they were suffering for it as the Luftwaffe blasted their airfields in an effort to destroy their support infrastructure on August 13 to 1940 so many German aircraft attacked Britain, But Churchill was warned that the invasion was finally under way but despite a great deal of damage being done the RAF was still holding out against the Germans who were joined by the contingents of Italian aircraft. By September Fighter Command was at its weakest point in terms of men and machines, But then British fighter production ramped up to the point where it outstripped Lawson's a newly trained pilots began to join the fight.

However the damage to the airfields was proving more problematic. Hitler on the other hand was unaware that the RAF was once again growing in strength and Was taught by Goering that it was barely able to put any aircraft into the air after British bombers hit targets in Berlin in response to an accidental bombing by German aircrafts of London. Hitler decided to order his bombers to turn their attention away from the airfields in order to devastate London and other British cities. His belief was that British morale would be so shaken by these terror attacks, that the country would collapse. Forcing Churchill to surrender thus making an armed invasion unnecessary. It was a colossal mistake. Fighter Command effectively rebuilt and reorganized itself and by the time Hitler realized his mistake the summer was coming to an end. The weather was worsening RAF Fighter Command was still a potent threat, And the country's defenses had been built up to where it was no longer practical to invade. While the Germans had successfully captured the British Channel Islands Britain herself was spared, Just as it had been in the first world war. The outbreak of war in Europe again saw the fighting spill over into the territories. But European imperial powers held control of elsewhere around the world. Britain and France held territory across Africa, which Italy's Mussolini eyed jealously and When Italy declared war on Britain and France in support of Germany it gave him the opportunity to invade those territories from Italian possessions.

Such as Ethiopia Somaliland and most significantly Libya which bordered British Egypt. Egypt was vital to British interests because of the Suez Canal. Which linked Britain to its Far East possessions such as Hong Kong and India as well as the oil-rich Middle? East which both sides desperately needed access to on September 13th 1948 a lien forces launched an invasion in Egypt with Britain herself still preparing for an invasion it was left to the small contingent of British and Commonwealth troops stationed there to Defend the large border against the numerically superior Italians. At first the Italians made good progress eventually capturing the important airfield at Sidi Bharani. However when Hitler forced to cancel the invasion of Britain fresh troops and equipment. Began to be mobilized for North Africa under the command of Lieutenant General Sir Richard, O'Connor firstly however. They would have to make the Paradis sea voyage down the North Atlantic and into the Mediterranean. Where the Italian fleet was still the dominant air force after Frances surrender. Heavily outnumbered the British concocted a daring plan to attack the Italian fleet while it was still moored in Port Toronto. Using obsolete Fairey swordfish biplane bombers on the night of November 11th 1940 the force of swordfish bombers took off from HMS Illustrious and caught the Italians completely by surprise the attack inflicted severe damage on a large number of the Italians capital ships taking them out of the war for several months in order to be repaired and their severely hampering Italy's efforts to disrupt supplies to North Africa.

Unfortunately the British still had to contend with air and submarine attacks the task of expelling Italian forces from Egypt seemed immense in the late 1914 and Yet, the newly arrived British forces managed to achieve just that the British retook Sidi Bahrani and by January the 3rd 1941 were already pushing forward into Libya in two months a British force comprising of just two whole divisions had advanced 500 miles destroyed 10 Italian divisions and taken 130,000 prisoners as well as capturing over a thousand tanks and artillery pieces. Operating from Italy the German Luftwaffe began supporting the Italian operations from the air. But things on the ground continue to go badly for the Italians with British forces capturing the strategic port of Tobruk on January the 22nd Confident of Italian defeat Churchill began his plans for helping to defend Greece and the Balkans from a joint German and Italian invasion. However Germany decided to send two of its own divisions to help shore up Italian forces in North Africa. Which would form the nucleus of its Africa core under the command of Aaron Rommel. Rommel was a gifted leader and tactician who understood tank warfare better than most generals in 1941. The plans of North Africa were ideal for tank combat and Rommel"s influence was almost immediately felt. He attacked El Agheila on March 24, and then pushed east across Libya back towards Egypt. However, he failed to retake Tobruk and instead laid siege to British garrison there, which held out for a staggering 240 days. Providing a severe thorn in the side of the Axis forces and tying up resources on April the 14th British and Commonwealth forces had been pushed back to the border and had even captured General Connor and his replacement General Neem but Rommels forces were struggling with the logistic problems, which Hitler feared the British could take advantage of Fuel was such a concern for the Germans that they began efforts to steal it from the British. Which resulted in British troops referring to their fuel cans as jerrycans, By May Rommel was forced to halt his advance at hellfire pass in Egypt while he resupplied his forces under.

General Wavell the british did indeed counterattack in June hoping to cut off Rommel's supplies and force him to surrender, but Rommel outmaneuvered him and the attack failed as the year went on the British became obsessed with killing Rommel had earned the nickname desert fox and, Even send a commando raid to assassinate him which ultimately failed. For the next few months the battle lines fluctuated.But Rommel's logistical problems continued to hold him back and worsened when Hitler began to focus more on other fronts. With Hitler being forced to call off operation Sea Lion in 1940. The Germans recognized that their window to invade Britain had closed, and it would now be impractical to attempt another invasion. Britain was becoming fortress Britain and so Hitler turned to a medieval method of warfare the siege. Hitler knew that Britain relied extremely heavily on war supplies material and even food coming from her empire and North America. Therefore he turned to his navy the creeks marina and tasked them to cut off this vital supply. The Royal Navy was still the most powerful surface fleet in the world in 1940 and while Germany had advanced warships like the Tirpitz and Bismarck. They couldn't hope to meet the Royal Navy in a pitched battle like the Kaiser's fleet had in World War one without being overwhelmed by British numbers.

Therefore the German Navy used their new boat to besiege Britain the kaisers u-boats had proved how vulnerable. Britain was to such a weapon, but it seems Britain had learned very little from this during the interwar years Tactics to combat the u-boats had changed very little and new technologies such as ASDIC an early form of sonar, Had yet to take prevalence in the fleet meaning the main method to detect a u-boat was to spot it on the surface Recharging its batteries or when using its periscope. Aircraft was seen as ideal platforms for this, but RAF Coastal Command had aircraft inadequate for the job at the start of the war Lacking range and weaponry, but also having to rely solely on the air crews eyes for detection meanwhile the Royal Navy began organizing merchant ships into convoys in order to provide them protection and. Also began taking on trawlers from Britain's fishing fleets and arming them to hunt u-boats. Nevertheless the u-boats began to inflict painful losses on Britain while efforts to destroy them at sea met with mixed success as did RAF Bomber commands efforts to bomb the u-boats yards in France and Norway Churchill would later admit that the u-boats were the only thing that truly scared him during the war. However the u-boats needed help in locating the convoys and so the Luftwaffe used long-range Condor patrol aircraft to organize the u-boat attacks. Realizing this Britain began looking of ways of destroying these aircraft. They weren't enough aircraft carriers in the Royal Navy during the early years to protect every convoy and

So they came up with a novel solution catapult merchantman or cam ships. These were merchant ships equipped with a catapult to launch a single Hawker hurricane or ferry form a fighter. To attack the Condors when they were sighted it was a one-way mission there being no way to recover the aircraft. Which had to ditch alongside the convoy with the pilot hoping to be picked up by a passing ship. Which made it one of the most dangerous jobs in the war. The urgency to combat the new bones saw the rapid development of technology particularly in the field of radar. The u-boats had to ride on the surface to charge their batteries that powered them and this was often carried out under the safety of night.

However radar had been used to combat night bomber raids and was now being trialed against u-boats on December the 22nd 1941 a u-boat was sunk by a Royal Navy plane on the surface under the cover of darkness From that point on you boats could be attacked anytime anywhere. The situation was made worse for the u-boats by the addition of new longer-ranged aircraft equipment with radar which left fewer and fewer places for them to hide At the same time Mussolini's Italy opened the North African campaign. His troops also opened up another front this time against Greece. Mussolini felt he was playing second fiddle to Hitler in Europe and wanted to establish himself as an equal. He viewed Greece as an easy target and began putting pressure on the country's own facet like dictator Ioannis Metaxas on August 15th 1940 an Italian submarine sank the Greek warship Elli. Italian troops finally attacked on October the 28th 1914 but like in North Africa they were beaten back despite the odds seemingly being in their favor the Italian attack pushed Greece closer to Britain who had desperate for allies after the fall of Western Europe. This in turn made Hitler take an interest in Greece and he had his General Staff start drawing up plans for his own troops to once again come to the aid of the Italians. The problem was that Germany had no land border with Greece it being blocked by Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. Hitler demanded cooperation from both nations to allow his forces to pass through Bulgaria greed and so too Did Yugoslavia both of whom joined the Axis forces But public opinion in the latter was strongly anti German leading to a coup against the government and the rejection of any alliance outraged Hitler ordered that when his troops invaded Greece from Bulgaria on April the 6th 1941. But they were to concurrently invade Yugoslavia despite stiff resistance. Yugoslavia was overrun in just over a week and a half.

Two weeks later the Greek surrendered having been overwhelmed by the combined might of the German and Italians. British assistance could do little to repel the invaders and along with the Greek forces. They retreated to the island of Crete consolidating his position on the Greek mainland. Hitler ordered the invasion of Crete to begin on May the 20th and was opened with a massive attack by German paratroopers after nearly two weeks of fierce fighting the island fell. But while British and observers in Washington were impressed with the effectiveness of a paratrooper invasion launched against them. Hitler was appalled at the cost of his forces and never again ordered a large-scale airborne invasion. Nazi Germany's army seemed unstoppable by mid 1941 and no-one became more convinced of this than Hitler himself . Who after defeating the British on mainland Europe in France and Greece and while Rommel continued pushing them back in North Africa. Decided that it was time to achieve his ultimate goal the destruction of the Soviet Union. Hitler view the Soviet Union as a way of not only eradicating communism, But of feeding his thousand-year Reich by providing vast areas of agricultural land and vital resources such as oil and metals. However, Germany's generals warned the Führer against invading the Soviet Union unless Moscow attacked first. Britain herself remained unconquered and worse still was now sending fleets of oh bombers into Europe to attack German industry. Also, the job of defending British and British Commonwealth forces in Africa, Required the resources Hitler wanted to commit to fighting the Soviet Union they believed.

It was better to send those forces to destroy British resistance in Africa and then seize British possessions in the Middle East. Which would afford them oil which would starve Britain offer supplies, and eventually helped force London to surrender, But Hitler was impatient. He argued that the German people would not be as supportive for a war on Russia after a few more years of fighting also, he believed the Soviet Army was incompetent after his poor showing against Finland in the winter war of 1939 if he waited then the Soviet leadership might learn from their mistakes and become a more credible threat. Hitler would say we only have to kick in the front door and the whole rotten Russian air defense will come tumbling down. He defied his generals and gave the order to attack the Soviet Union dubbed Operation Barbarossa. Germany committed a huge force of troops that included Romanian Finnish and Hungarian units who were by now signed up members of the Axis forces. The attack was launched from occupy polish territory at 0:00 300 hours on Sunday the 22nd of June 1941 and involved a staggering 3.8 million personnel launched across a 2,900 kilometre front. The German forces were arranged in three key army groups north center and south. The Soviet Army had warnings that the Germans were massing for an invasion, But Stalin refused to believe it in the days after the invasion Stalin retreated into his own mind. He being unable to comprehend. Just what was happening which left his government. That was terrified to act against him following his brutal purges unsure what to do. The Soviet army sustained incredible losses in the early years of the war while the Soviet Air Force was largely smashed on the ground.The aircraft that did get airborne who often obsolete types or their pilots poorly trained making them easy targets for skilled and experienced German fighter pilots. The Soviets also had to contend with anti-communist forces conducting sabotage and intelligence-gathering operations from the Germans the fighting in the east was particularly brutal. Hitler had told his forces that a war against the Soviet Union could not be fought along civilised lines and as such he promised no German would ever be held accountable for his conduct against the enemy in a sense they were given a free hand to rape plunder and murder.

When Soviet units were overwhelmed many of them surrendered as their command structure collapsed and these soldiers were led into captivity. Where there was an actual plan in place to starve them to death behind the German troops advanced German death squads began murdering so-called undesirables such as Jews. The speed of the German advance took everyone by surprise including the Germans themselves. The vast areas of land Germany's forces took proved a logistical nightmare and on several occasions. They lost the initiative as they waited for supplies of food fuel and re armaments to catch up with them the Germans advanced across eastern Poland Belarus Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Ukraine and into Russia itself proving almost unstoppable, But everyone knew that the biggest obstacle the Germans would have to face was rapidly approaching the Russian winter. By December 1941 the snow was setting in but German troops were on the verge of taking Moscow itself. However, they failed to take the embattled city and their advanced ground to a halt. The soviet union's leadership meanwhile had relocated their major weapons production. Facilities further east out at the range of German bombers which allowed them to build tanks and aircraft unmolested. They were also getting supplies from Britain. Thanks to the efforts of the men on the perilous Arctic convoys. The German army leadership knew the truth even if Hitler remained convinced of Germany's superiority. They had lost their window of opportunity to destroy the Soviet Union quickly.

Now the Soviets were engaged committed and far more prepared for the coming war of attrition than Germany was in mein Kamp  Hitler had outlined that Germany could not fight a prolonged war on two fronts. Yet at the end of 1941 he was effectively committed to three fronts. Britain in the West British Common wealth forces in North Africa and now the Soviet Union in the East and while the snow fell on German soldiers in Russia ill-equipped for winter warfare they whirled  away in the tropical climate of Hawaii.

Fleet of Japanese ships were closing in on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor

New Education Policy 2020, 5+3+3+4 Policy

New Education Policy 2020, 5+3+3+4 Policy

     New Education Policy 2020



Today, I am very happy to say that the new education policy that our government has brought in
They have addressed almost all the major points of criticism in their new policy and they have brought a revolutionary change in the Indian education system. I'm saying that in a positive step- They've taken a very good step.
Come, let us find out
One of the first and major points of criticism is that our educational system tries to fit the students into three categories after class 10 Science, commerce and humanities And this is very problematic- If you chose one stream, then you cannot study the subjects of the other streams But more often than not, the students are interested in a variety of subjects For example, when I was in the 11th, I chose the science stream but my interest also lay in Political science and Economics .But I was helpless, having opted for the science stream, I could not study subjects like Pol Science and Economics.

What could I have done?
But now, the government has changed this. Now, the students have more flexibility to choose their subjects Upon the implementation of this policy, a student can study Political science with Physics and Chemistry with History A student can study Science, commerce as well as Arts subjects.

This is an amazing initiative. And I feel jealous as a 90s kid we were compelled to choose amongst the three 
Now, the students would have so much more flexibility to choose A second major change by the government is that they have replaced the existing 10+2 academic structure with the 5+3+3+4 system now.

Now, it has become more similar to the education system of the western developed countries In the 10+2 system, education began at the age of 6. In this new system, education would now start at the age of 3. Preschool would be from the age of 3-6 and then class 1 and 2 for the next two years Then would be the "preparatory stage" for the next 3 years in which focus would be upon playing, discovery and activity based classroom learning Class 6 to 8 would be the middle stage in which experiential learning would be focused upon- sciences, mathematics, arts, social sciences and humanities

Next would be the secondary stage of class 9-12 in which multi disciplinary studies would be focused upon Students would be provided with  ore flexibility and more choices. The job of selling, or working in a supermarket, or driving... -... plumbing, carpentry gardening... all the jobs like these that do not come under the proper purview of engineering, humanities or universities.

All that is viewed on the extra side,  they are vocationally trained upto a large extent - A vast difference is that in India, we view these jobs at a very low level

We look at things and presume that the people of the lower (caste/class) do these kinds of jobs and our parents poke fun and say that if you don't study, will you do carpentry and become a carpenter ? or a plumber? The difference (here) is that these jobs are given the same respect in Germany. I kept reiterating in the previous videos that vocational training is given a lot of importance in developed countries The jobs like welding, electrician, carpentry, plumbing These jobs are viewed at the same level as the rest of the skilled jobs In India, these jobs are looked at with disdain, which is a mindset that needs to change

The government has implemented some structural changes to change this mindset, which is praiseworthy for example, right from class 6, students would have to do internships in vocational training jobs. The students would be imparted experience in such jobs. There would be a bagless period of 10 days- where he students would take no bags to school but experience jobs like- carpentry, welding, gardening Vocational training in schools would be focused upon even later

This is a very critical thing without which, in my opinion, we cannot become a developed country until and unless these changes are implemented. The government has fortunately taken a step in the right direction regarding this Coding would be taught to children from class 6 and the importance accorded to board exams in class 10 and 12 would be reduced Another interesting and positive policy change is that the report cards handed to students at the year end that is, the progress report,

Until now, the teachers assess how the student has performed in the entire year, according to them. Now, assessment will be done by not only the teachers, but the students will also self evaluate themselves and say how have they performed in the entire year, according to their perspective.

Not only will there be self evaluation, the rest of the students of the class with also evaluate and say how a particular student has performed according to the perspective of the rest of the classmates. This is a very useful step. Because critical thinking is a very important aspect- to evaluate oneself by oneself to think about what one is doing and critically analyze one's own decisions. And in the coming life... .We are told how we are performing by our teachers and parents, when we are in school. But when the school and college life gets over, there is no one to tell you how your performance is going You have to do a self evaluation of how you are performing in life and what you want to do ahead in life

So, this thinking should be imparted at an early stage to the students to evaluate oneself and to see what others think about you and what your evaluation is, from their perspective. It is very useful Another important change- I have kept on saying in my videos that the government should spend more on education Seems as if the government has finally paid heed!. The government has decided that atleast 6% of the GDP will ow be spent on education Right now, it is around 3%- which is insufficient And compared to the developed countries and the rest of the developing countries, India spends very less on education in measure of the percentage of the GDP 6% is a great target But a lot depends on implementation as well- How soon is the government able to achieve it But obviously, as a first step, setting a target of 6% is commendable.

There was a problem of rote learning in the Indian education system . Most of the exams are designed in a way that we need to memorize things And all that we learnt, evaporates in a few months because we gave exams by rote learning So, the government has also said that it would try and change this as well The exams would be designed a way that would not require much memorization or rote learning But how exactly this will be achieved is not clearly mentioned. So, it remains to be seen I'm hopeful that positive changes will be implemented here as well.

Talking about education after class 12- there is a multiple entry and exit programme It means that- say, you started a degree- a B.tech degree and one year later, you realize that you do not want to continue with it because you don't like it. So, you can drop midway. All the subjects that you have studied for one year, you can take their credits and get it transferred to another degree. This is extremely useful and already exists in most of the developed countries. It's great that this option will be available in India as well. This option now includes another feature- say the degree is of four years If you drop out after one year, then you will get a certificate. If you drop out after the second year, then you will get a diploma.

After three years, you will get a bachelor's degree and after four years - a bachelor's research degree If you have already done a four year degree in bachelors, MA and MSc degrees would only be of one year and two years if you have a bachelor's degree of three years. This is again consistent with the international standard Top 100 foreign institutes have been given permission to set up their campuses with in India.

What's interesting is that this is a policy that Congress wanted to bring in when it was in power but back then, BJP had opposed it. And now, it itself is bringing it in Focussing on vocational education, the government has said that in the next ten years, it will be integrated in all the schools and higher educational institutions in a phased manner It is being aimed that by 2025, 50% of the learners in schools and higher educational institutions will have had exposure to vocational education

A common national professional standard will be set for all the teachers by 2022. A four years integrated BA degree would be the minimum qualification required to become a teacher by 2030.
These, in my opinion were the positive points brought by the government in this new policy. Let us now talk about the negative/controversial points which are being criticized by the people. This new policy has been criticized the most on the point of language. This policy reads that, "wherever possible the medium of instruction till 5th grade and preferably till class 8 and beyond will be the home language, local language or the  regional language" That is, the education of the child until the 5th grade should be in home language, mother language and regional language It is nowhere written that doing so is compulsory But those who criticize it say that this will force the schools to not teach in English and instead teach in regional languages.

which will not be beneficial for most of the people Say, you live in Kerala and your child has studied until class 4 in Kerala Thereupon, you shift to Maharashtra Most of the schools would teach in Marathi in Maharashtra and the child will not be able to adjust .This would restrict the movement of the people from one state to another and this might have a detrimental effect.

It is written in the policy that no language would be forced. Although, it is also said that they would try to make Sanskrit and other classical languages available at every level in schools as an option and after class 9, the options of foreign languages will also be available like they are right now In my opinion, it is important to give priority to English because today, English, in a way , has become a global language of communication worldwide No matter which country you come from, I believe it is essential to learn English if you want to do any thing at an international level It is becoming essential to learn English in every country And this is an advantage for India in comparison to China and the rest of the South East Asian countries because there, people are not able to learn English to this extent.

Since people in India speak English, they are able to compete in western countries, US and Europe Second- Several student and teachers' bodies have criticized this policy of being anti democratic Some parties have also criticized it. For example, CPI(M) has put forward the most criticism. They allege that the states were not consulted before making this policy Since education is a concurrent subject that comes under both the Centre as well as state list the states should have been consulted more before introducing this policy It is also alleged that this policy promotes centralization because this policy has a point that states that a new teachers' training board will be set up for all kinds of teachers in the country and no state can change that.

The power has been taken from the states and placed with the central government. The powers have been made more centralized that the decision making regarding education would be done by the center. And finally, some points of criticism said that this policy is very theoretical. It does change things theoretically. But to implement them practically in real life is going to be a very long drawn and difficult process because there are so many government schools where children in the 5th class have no teachers and sound infrastructure is not available in schools.

The students are not educated properly and they drop out early. There are so many government schools with a serious dearth of available  teachers so how are they going to impart vocational training and give the option of variety of subjects to children.

All this seems impossible to give. This is another point of criticism because all these changes being brought superficially are extremely difficult to implement in reality.
In my opinion, it is a legit point of criticism and it is to be seen how much of these policies are implemented and what changes are seen on the ground level in reality

UPSC Special, GS and Important GK Questions

UPSC Special, GS and Important GK Questions

UPSC Special



कुछ अभ्यर्थी अभी कोरोना का लुत्फ ले रहे हैं मतलब पढ़ नही रहे हैं और उन्हीं में से कुछ ऐसे भी हैं जो इसे अपने स्वर्णिम भविष्य के लिए एक सुनहरा अवसर मान रहे हैं आपको भी इसे एक अवसर के रूप में देखना है आप इस विषय पर अपने समय की बर्बादी न करें की परीक्षा होगी या नही होगी होंगी तो कब होंगी लेकिन ये जान लीजिए आप कि परीक्षा होंगी और जरूर होगी मगर कुछ दिनों के उपरांत होगी...
अब हम सीधे मुद्दे पर आते हैं बहुत से अभ्यर्थी इसी ऊहापोह की स्थिति में रहते हैं कि समय कम है क्या करें,कैसे करें,क्या पढ़े,क्या न पढ़े आदि आदि...
मैं अपनी रणनीति आपको बताना चाहता हूँ जिसको अपनाकर मैंने साक्षात्कार तक जगह बनाई और अंतिम 2 महीनों में शायद इससे कारगर रणनीति मेरे अनुसार कोई और नही हो सकती हैं।
1. जितने भी अभ्यर्थी हैं वो सिर्फ अब उन्ही चीजो पर ध्यान केंद्रित करें जिसको वो पहले पढ़ चुके हैं नया कुछ भी न पढ़े।
2. समाचार पत्र + मैगज़ीन + RSTV प्रतिदिन के शेड्यूल में शामिल होना चाहिये।
3. अब समय आ गया हैं कि प्रतिदिन डेढ़ से 2 घंटे विगत वर्षों के प्रश्नों का अवलोकन करें और प्रश्नों को टॉपिक वाइज देखे।
4. प्रतिदिन कोई भी एक टेस्ट सीरीज जरूर सॉल्व करें अभी offline मे prblm है तो आप online भी कर सकते हैं बहाना बनाने से कुछ नही होगा ये जान लीजिए और वो भी सिर्फ 2 घण्टे मे ही solve करें परीक्षा भवन की तरह ही और उसका सॉल्युशन पढ़े यदि आप ऐसा अभी भी नही कर रहें है तो अभी आप खुद के साथ धोखा कर रहें हैं।
5. विज़न 365 उपयोगी हैं आप खरीद लीजिये बहुत से अभ्यर्थी lockdown के कारण परेशान हैं तो वो download करें कुछ लाभ उठाइये internet का बहाना न बनाओ कि मिल नही रही हैं कैसे करेंगे क्या करेंगे बाकी आपकी मर्जी।
6. इतिहास, भूगोल, राजव्यवस्था,अर्थव्यवस्था, ये 4 सबसे महत्वपूर्ण विषय हैं इनके टॉपिक को एक तरफ लिख ले कि किस टॉपिक से कैसे प्रश्न पूछे गए हैं और अवलोकन करें कि अब ये सम्भावना बन सकती हैं मेरे अनुसार ये इन विषयों के इन टॉपिक पर ज्यादा फोकस करें
Polity = नागरिकता {क्योंकि अभी NRC,NPR,CAA के कारण चर्चा में हैं} , मूल अधिकार, DPSP, राष्ट्रपति, सँसद, समितियां, आपातकालीन उपबंध, राज्यपाल, सर्वोच्च न्यायालय, कुछ महत्वपूर्ण आयोग सवैधानिक और गैर सवैधानिक , दल बदल कानून, पंचायत, केंद्र राज्य सम्बंध आदि
प्राचीन भारत - सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता, वैदिक काल, जैन धर्म , बौद्ध धर्म, अशोक का प्रशासन, गुप्त काल ये महत्वपूर्ण हैं बाकी जो पढ़ना हैं आप पढ़ सकते हैं।
मध्यकालीन भारत - दिल्ली सल्तनत की आर्थिक भूराजस्व प्रणाली और प्रशासन तथा मुगलो एवं मराठाओ का प्रशासन मुगलो की दक्कन नीति आदि आदि...
आधुनिक भारत - सामाजिक धार्मिक सुधार आंदोलन, किसान एवं जनजाति विद्रोह इसके अलावा 1885 से 1947 तक का सम्पूर्ण इतिहास बिल्कुल घटनाक्रम के अनुसार पता होना चाहिये एक-एक घटना उसके पीछे क्या कारण थे,परिणाम क्या हुआ आदि आदि...
GDP=, मुद्रास्फीति, बैंकिंग प्रणाली, मुद्रा बाजार, गरीबी, बेरोजगारी, कर सरंचना,पूँजी बाजार, राजकोसीय नीति, कृषि औद्योगिक तथा सेवा क्षेत्र, महत्वपूर्ण इंडेक्स, विदेशी व्यापार {ECB}, अंतराष्ट्रीय संस्थाए तथा महत्वपूर्ण व्यापार समझौते आदि
आर्थिक समीक्षा {इकनोमिक सर्वे} जरूर पढ़ें
World- पृथ्वी की उत्तपत्ति एवं विकास, भूकम्प, सुनामी,ज्वालामुखी, चट्टान, मृदा, कृषि, खनिज संसाधन, परिवहन, सम्पूर्ण जलवायु विज्ञान पढ़नी हैं
सभी महाद्वीप MAP के साथ पढ़ने हैं बिना मानचित्र के पढ़ कर आप समय नष्ट कर रहें हैं ये जान लीजिए।
अपवाह तंत्र, मृदा, जलवायु, वनस्पति, परिवहन, उद्योग, कृषि एवं पशुपालन,ऊर्जा संसाधन जनजातिया, बहुद्देशीय परियोजनाए आदि...
Science
Biology की NCERT
Science & Tech..
विगत वर्षों के DRDO, ISRO द्वारा विकसित किये गए सभी उपकरण, विदेशो से किये गए रक्षा सौदे, साझे युद्धाभ्यास, आदि
शास्रीय तथा क्षेत्रिय नृत्य, स्तूप, मन्दिर, विहार आदि की संरचना, तथा पेंटिंग पर विशेष ध्यान दे
{करेंट अफेयर्स}
सबसे महत्वपूर्ण विषय हैं ये क्योंकि विगत वर्षो मे निरन्तर इसकी उपयोगिता बढ़ रही हैं और अधिकतर अभ्यर्थी इसी मैं मात खा जाते हैं इसलिए आप सबसे ज्यादा मेहनत इसी पर करें
विगत 12 से 18 माह तक का करेंट अफेयर्स , इकनोमिक सर्वे, + RSTV + समाचार पत्र आदि
करेंट अफेयर्स का लाभ सिर्फ और सिर्फ उन्ही अभ्यर्थियों को मिलेगा जो अभ्यर्थी ट्रेडिशनल टॉपिक से जोड़ कर करेंट को पढेगे अन्यथा उन्हें परीक्षा में इसका खामियाजा भुगतना पड़ेगा
मुख्य परीक्षा में सफलता का एक मात्र आधार आपका
उत्तर लेखन ही है...!!!
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